The Effect of Substitution of WC by TiC in WC-Co Composite Tool Materials on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Jan Dutkiewicz*, ukasz Rogal, P. Bobrowski, Magorzata Szutkowska,Wojciech Leniewski and Piotr Duzews* Author for corresponding; e-mail address: j.dutkiewicz@imim.pl
Volume: Vol.44 No.4 (October 2017)
Research Article
DOI:
Received: 14 July 2015, Revised: -, Accepted: 16 November 2015, Published: -
Citation: Dutkiewicz J., Rogal U., Bobrowski P., Szutkowska M., Leniewski W. and Duzews P., The Effect of Substitution of WC by TiC in WC-Co Composite Tool Materials on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 2017; 44(4): 1714-1721.
Abstract
WC-Co composites with TiC additions of 5-20 wt.% substituting WC were consolidated using Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) method at temperature of 1350°C and pressure between 50-150 MPa. The hardness of WC-Co consolidated samples increase from 1050 HV (without TiC consolidated at 50 MPa) up to 1330 HV at 5% TiC and up to 1600 HV with 20% of TiC. The higher hardness of samples with TiC additions can be explained by a higher consolidation pressure of 150 MPa leading to a lower porosity, but also to hardening due to TiC addition. Young modulus values are lower for samples with TiC attaining 420-490 GPa as compared to 570 GPa for conventional WC-Co samples. Samples with a crack formation behavior allowed to determine fracture toughness KIC using crack length from hardness measurements. Results in the range 10, 9-11, 2 [MPam1/2] for the samples containing 0-10 % TiC, indicated only insignificant decrease of this property with TiC content. Addition of TiC causes also 15-30 % lower density of composites in the range 10-12, 5 g/cm3. The major identified phase is the hexagonal WC carbide separated by a narrow layer of Co binder and accompanied by single particles of TiC within Co. The size of WC particles was the same as applied in conventional composites i.e. 2-4 mm, while that of homogeneously distributed TiC were measured as slightly smaller, below 2 mm. Transmission electron microscopy investigations allowed to identify relatively high dislocation density in both cubic TiC and hexagonal WC carbides and different interfaces between WC and TiC carbides and Co binder however no additional phases were detected there. The crystallographic relationship [01-1] TiC || [100] WC was often observed. The appearance of solid solution of TiC with WC near WC/TiC interfaces was discussed.
Related Articles
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.033.
Anurag Sunpapao, Supaporn Pithakkit and Prisana Wonglom
Vol.52 No.3 (May 2025)Research Article View: 800 Download: 334
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.031.
Nursel Söylemez Milli, İsmail Hakkı Parlak and Mehmet Milli
Vol.52 No.3 (May 2025)Research Article View: 809 Download: 822
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.032.
Zhang Lu and Xue Guijun
Vol.52 No.3 (May 2025)Research Article View: 750 Download: 282
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.024.
Thalaieswaran Selvam and Ayyappan Solaiyappan
Vol.52 No.3 (May 2025)Research Article View: 1,006 Download: 420
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.010.
Jirakanit Muttaharach and Wilaiwan Chotigeat
Vol.52 No.1 (January 2025)Research Article View: 800 Download: 243
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.107.
Huy Thanh Vo, Tsuyoshi Imai, Gede Adi Wiguna Sudiartha, Jantima Teeka, Prapaipid Chairattanamanokorn, Alissara Reungsang and Yung-Tse Hung
Vol.51 No.6 (November 2024)Research Article View: 761 Download: 373
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.105.
Tasneem Jehleah and Abedeen Dasesamoh
Vol.51 No.6 (November 2024)Research Article View: 707 Download: 538
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.085.
Chadlia EL Manna, Zied Ben Hamed, Sasi Florence, Rabab Abdel-majeed Hegazy, Mouja Jaouadi, Fayçal Kouki and Habib Bouchriha
Vol.51 No.6 (November 2024)Research Article View: 1,381 Download: 481
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.083.
Feiyun Wang, Yao Hu and Yutao Qin
Vol.51 No.5 (September 2024)Research Article View: 872 Download: 373
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.073.
Zhiyong LIU, Yong ZHAO, Ying JIN and Yulu Wang
Vol.51 No.5 (September 2024)Research Article View: 979 Download: 431
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.071.
Zhenchang Gao, Qing Lin, Qinyu He, Cuihua Liu, Honghao Cai and Hui Ni
Vol.51 No.5 (September 2024)Research Article View: 4,681 Download: 783
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.037.
Matheshwaran Saminathan and Solaiyappan Ayyappan
Vol.51 No.3 (May 2024)Research Article View: 1,401 Download: 365
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.023.
Yichi Wang, Hongxuan Deng, Lidan Ma, Laiwang Yan, Zeyi Mu, Yinghui Mu and Song Gu
Vol.51 No.2 (March 2024)Research Article View: 1,675 Download: 710
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.008.
Chanin Kaewmanee, Chotiwut Techakijvej and Chitchol Phalaraksh
Vol.51 No.1 (January 2024)Research Article View: 2,105 Download: 776
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2023.072.
Warunee Khampa, Woraprom Passatorntaschakorn, Wongsathon Musikpan, Atcharawon Gardchareon, Pipat Ruankham and Duangmanee Wongratanaphisan
Vol.50 No.6 (November 2023)Research Article View: 1,707 Download: 913
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2023.057.
Kritchanon Suanjan, Warunsak Liamlaem, Nutta Sangnarin Hamjinda and Chongrak Polprasert
Vol.50 No.6 (November 2023)Research Article View: 926 Download: 571
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2023.041.
Wittanan Tammadid, Ketmanee Nantasom, Wichayaporn Sirksiri, Supika Vanitchung, Chaiwatchara Promjittiphong, Atsamon Limsakul and Phongthep Hanpattanakit
Vol.50 No.4 (July 2023)Research Article View: 1,527 Download: 1,303
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2023.014.
Kok Jun Liew, Xinhua Zhang†, Xiaohong Cai, Dongdong Ren, Wei Liu, Zhidong Chang and Chun Shiong Chong
Vol.50 No.2 (March 2023)Research Article View: 1,099 Download: 592
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.086.
Miki Kanna, Suttida Luangton and Sarawut Somnam
Vol.49 No.5 (September 2022)Research Article View: 1,586 Download: 573
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.079.
Salit Supakitthanakorn, Karnjana Vichittragoontavorn, Kaewalin Kunasakdakul, Nilita Mukjang, Chatsuda Phuakjaiphaeo and On-Uma Ruangwong
Vol.49 No.5 (September 2022)Research Article View: 1,908 Download: 657
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.090.
Sridhar Sivasubramaniam, Thirumalai Ramanathan, Nandhakumar Shanmugham and Karthick Sekar
Vol.49 No.5 (September 2022)Research Article View: 1,365 Download: 658
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.088.
Jie Chen, Zhijun Wang, Haifeng Zhang, Qingxiang Yang, Hongtao Zhang and Ruodai Zhai
Vol.49 No.5 (September 2022)Research Article View: 1,529 Download: 512
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.060.
Tanawan Sukkasem, Uraiwan Tippayasak, Pornchanok Taweecheep, Duenrut Chonudomkul and Gunjana Theeragool
Vol.49 No.4 (July 2022)Research Article View: 1,812 Download: 543
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.027.
Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Shalini Rajakaruna, Dong-Qin Dai, Sandhya Jayasekara, Lakshan Warnakula, Kahandawa G.S.U. Ariyawansa, Eustace Y. Fernando, Primali Jayasekera, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Darshani Singhalage, Kanishka Ukuwela, R.G. Udeni Jayalal, R.P. Prabath K. Jayasinghe, Chaminda K. Muthumala, Sumedha Madawala, Ilmi G.N. Hewajulige, Deepani U. Rajawardana, Aseni Ediriweera, Surani Ediriweera, Deepani Alawathugoda, K.M. Wathsala Rajawatta, Xing-Chen Jin, EP Saman Chandana, Chandrika Nanayakkara and Siril Wijesundara
Vol.49 No.2 (March 2022)Review Article View: 2,721 Download: 2,328
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.026.
Phithak Phanuthat, Natchapan Thanakittisaed, Wanticha Savedboworn, Sriwiang Rittisak, Atipan Siammai, Paweena Dikit and Wiboon Riansa-ngawong
Vol.49 No.2 (March 2022)Research Article View: 1,982 Download: 585
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.004.
Kamonporn Saenkam, Pharatree Jaita, Parkpoom Jarupoom, Chamnan Randorn, Komsanti Chokethawai, Gobwute Rujijanagul and Tawee Tunkasiri
Vol.49 No.1 (Special Issue I : Jan 2022)Research Article View: 1,791 Download: 444
page: 664 - 673
Yutae Lee
Vol.48 No.2 (March 2021)Research Article View: 1,196 Download: 382
page: 100 - 111
Sutee Chowrong, Bundit Tengjaroenkul and Lamyai Neeratanaphan*
Vol.48 No.1 (January 2021)Research Article View: 963 Download: 560
page: 297 - 303
Phanuphak Seensattayawong, Makiko Tange, Sukrit Songkue and Anchalee Manonukul
Vol.47 No.2 (Special Issue I : March 2020)Research Article View: 1,125 Download: 1,155
page: 259 - 269
Cao Son Nguyen, Ko-ichiro Ohno, Takayuki Maeda, Anh-Hoa Bui and Kazuya Kunitomo
Vol.47 No.2 (Special Issue I : March 2020)Research Article View: 1,051 Download: 1,867
page: 1234 - 1248
Pattarawan Choeycharoen*, Watcharee Sornlar, Witaya Shongkittikul and Anucha Wannagon
Vol.46 No.6 (November 2019)Research Article View: 1,265 Download: 454
page: 975 - 986
Janejira Chanla, Miki Kanna, Jaroon Jakmunee, and Sarawut Somnam*
Vol.46 No.5 (September 2019)Research Article View: 1,051 Download: 609
page: 592 - 608
Wipada Ngansom and Helmut Duerrast *
Vol.46 No.3 (May 2019)Research Article View: 1,618 Download: 382
page: 35 - 44
Jutarat Prachayawarakorn* and Panittanat Yaembunying
Vol.31 No.1 (JANUARY 2004)Research Article View: 998 Download: 277
page: 113 - 121
Sureeporn Kerdkankaew*, Jesada Luangjame and Pojanie Khummongkol
Vol.30 No.2 (AUGUST 2003)Research Article View: 1,029 Download: 355
page: 7 - 17
Shahrul A. Noah* and Michael Williams
Vol.30 No.1 (APRIL 2003)Research Article View: 1,316 Download: 903
page: 370 - 386
Chana Sriboonpeng, Jeeranan Nonkumwong, Laongnuan Srisombat, Attavit Pisitanusorn and Supon Ananta
Vol.46 No.2 (March 2019)Research Article View: 1,011 Download: 311
page: 2195 - 2200
Philaiwan Pornprasit, Worawan Pechurai, Natthiti Chiangraeng, Chamnan Randorn, Nopakarn Chandet, Pitchaya Mungkornasawakul and Piyarat Nimmanpipug
Vol.45 No.5 (Special 2018)Research Article View: 1,078 Download: 543
page: 1460 - 1470
Musa Buyukada*, Mirac Eryigit and Fatih Evrendilek
Vol.45 No.3 (May 2018)Research Article View: 1,644 Download: 290
page: 1439 - 1448
Chiao Hsin Yang and Jenshinn Lin*
Vol.45 No.3 (May 2018)Research Article View: 984 Download: 570
page: 1396 - 1406
Sirilak Kamonwannasit and Agarat Kamcharoen*
Vol.45 No.3 (May 2018)Research Article View: 1,121 Download: 455
page: 1008 - 1014
Jiangle Zhang, Ying Zeng*, Yulin Luo and Xudong Yu
Vol.45 No.2 (March 2018)Research Article View: 868 Download: 296
page: 961 - 972
Tu Phuong Pham Le and Wanwipa Siriwatwechakul*
Vol.45 No.2 (March 2018)Research Article View: 977 Download: 370
page: 832 - 845
Pirada Sumanon, Sasivimon C. Swangpol and Paweena Traiperm*
Vol.45 No.2 (March 2018)Research Article View: 942 Download: 305
page: 811 - 820
Wararut Buncharoen, Supap Saenphet and Kanokporn Saenphet*
Vol.45 No.2 (March 2018)Research Article View: 836 Download: 256
page: 784 - 796
Stapaporn Kerdsuwan and Sompong Te-chato*
Vol.45 No.2 (March 2018)Research Article View: 878 Download: 246
page: 237 - 248
Verisa Chowjarean, Ubonthip Nimmannit, Chatchai Chaotham, Waleewan Eaknai, Apirada Sucontphunt, Preeyaporn Plaimee Phiboonchaiyanan, Parkpoom Tengamnuay and Pithi Chanvorachote
Vol.45 No.1 (January 2018)Research Article View: 1,095 Download: 489
page: 1769 - 1780
Reza Khoshsiar Ghaziani, Mojtaba Fardi and Mehdi Ghasemi
Vol.44 No.4 (October 2017)Research Article View: 895 Download: 375
page: 1751 - 1760
Mostafa Eslami
Vol.44 No.4 (October 2017)Research Article View: 819 Download: 925
page: 494 - 507
Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman [a], Mohd Hafiz Rosli * [a,b], Mohd Armi Abu Samah [a] and Mohd Khairul Amr
Vol.44 No.2 (April 2017)Research Article View: 974 Download: 376
page: 267 - 278
Tawin Tanawong
Vol.44 No.1 (JANUARY 2017)Research Article View: 854 Download: 281
page: 224 - 236
Morteza Bahram, Fariba Hoseinpour, Naimeh Mohseni and Peyman Najafi-Moghaddam
Vol.44 No.1 (JANUARY 2017)Research Article View: 969 Download: 747
page: 1346 - 1357
Mohd Hariri Arifin [a], Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin* [b], Hamzah Husin [c], Azmi Ismail [d], Amry Amin Abbas [d], Mohd Nawawi Mohd Nordin [a], Hassan Mohamed Baioumy [e], John Stephen Kayode* [a], Nadzari Ismail [f], Nor Azura Othman [f], Anita Setu [f] and Mohd Amir Ashraf Sulaiman [g]
Vol.43 No.6 (SPECIAL ISSUE 2)Research Article View: 941 Download: 875
page: 1131 - 1140
Shahram Nekouei* and Farzin Nekouei
Vol.43 No.5 (OCTOBER 2016)Research Article View: 927 Download: 259
page: 1070 - 1076
Jiraporn Palee [a], Srisulak Dheeranupattana* [b], Sunanta Wangkarn [c], Stephen G. Pyne [d] and Alison T. Ung [e]
Vol.43 No.5 (OCTOBER 2016)Research Article View: 926 Download: 343
page: 794 - 807
Kanokphorn Sangkharak *[a], Piyaporn Wangsirikul [a,b], Nisa Pichid [a], Tewan Yunu [a] and Poonsuk
Vol.43 No.4 (JULY 2016)Research Article View: 953 Download: 339
page: 570 - 577
Pathompong Pangamol [a], Pongdhorn Sae-oui [b], Chakrit Sirisinha*[a,c]
Vol.43 No.3 (APRIL 2016)Research Article View: 873 Download: 329
page: 462 - 469
Yi Peng Teoh and Mashitah Mat Don*
Vol.43 No.3 (APRIL 2016)Research Article View: 961 Download: 487
page: 453 - 461
Pornpan Napaumpaiporn and Anchalee Sirikhachornkit*
Vol.43 No.3 (APRIL 2016)Research Article View: 948 Download: 751
page: 351 - 357
Chen Hongmei* [a], Liu Zhongming [a], Zang Qianhao [a, b], Yu Xin [a], Zhang Jing [c] and Jin Yunxue [a]
Vol.43 No.2 (SPECIAL ISSUE 1)Research Article View: 939 Download: 285
page: 320 - 328
Songkot Utara [a,b]*, Jutharatana Klinkaewnarong [a,c]
Vol.43 No.2 (SPECIAL ISSUE 1)Research Article View: 984 Download: 292
page: 816 - 821
Kanokporn Saenphet, Apinop Jitjaingam and Monruedee Chaiyapo
Vol.42 No.4 (OCTOBER 2015)Research Article View: 876 Download: 265
page: 539 - 548
Yi Peng, Teoh and Mashitah, Mat Don
Vol.42 No.3 (JULY 2015)Research Article View: 961 Download: 294
page: 761 - 773
Warangkhana Keerativibool and Jirawan Jitthavech
Vol.42 No.3 (JULY 2015)Research Article View: 883 Download: 873
page: 501 - 511
M. Allahdadi, H. Mishmast Nehi
Vol.42 No.2 (APRIL 2015)Research Article View: 844 Download: 274
page: 156 - 172
Meltem Asan Ozusaglam, Mahmut Erzengin, Derya Onal Darilmaz, Seher Karaman Erkul, Mehtap Tekse
Vol.42 No.1 (JANUARY 2015)Research Article View: 1,093 Download: 246
page: 248 - 257
Artit Chingsungnoen , Vittaya Amornkitbamrung
Vol.42 No.1 (JANUARY 2015)Research Article View: 1,441 Download: 295
page: 992 - 1006
Yixin Qian [a, b], Jichuan Kang*[a, c], Lu Wang [a], Bangxing Lei [a] and Kevin D. Hyde [d, e]
Vol.41 No.5/1 (OCTOBER 2014)Research Article View: 1,028 Download: 305
page: 970 - 980
Ying Hui Ong 1a, Adeline Seak May Chua 2a*, Geok Yuan Annie Tan3b, and Gek Cheng Ngoh 4a
Vol.41 No.5/1 (OCTOBER 2014)Research Article View: 1,006 Download: 383
page: 1392 - 1408
Monlica Wattana and Pattarasinee Bhattarakosol *
Vol.41 No.5/2 (OCTOBER 2014)Research Article View: 905 Download: 325
page: 1429 - 1438
Dussadee Praserttitipong [a] * and Peraphon Sophatsathit [b]
Vol.41 No.5/2 (OCTOBER 2014)Research Article View: 882 Download: 272
page: 910 - 921
Yixin Qian, Jichuan Kang*, Kun Geng, Lu Wang and Bangxin Lei
Vol.41 No.4 (SPECIAL ISSUE 1)Research Article View: 959 Download: 231
page: 811 - 821
Jiayu Guo, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Peter E. Mortimer*, Jianchu Xu and Kevin D. Hyde
Vol.41 No.4 (SPECIAL ISSUE 1)Research Article View: 1,401 Download: 395
page: 822 - 830
Panadda Sheppard*, Kittichai Ninon, Siriwut Phetsantad, Maetee Khailaihong, et al.
Vol.40 No.5 SPECIAL ISSUE 1Research Article View: 864 Download: 340
page: 356 - 363
Jiraporn Palee* [a], Srisulak Dheeranupattana [a], Araya Jatisatienr [a] and Sunanta Wangkarn [b]
Vol.40 No.3 (JULY 2013)Research Article View: 867 Download: 353
page: 459 - 470
Pidchaporn Panyoyai, Chulin Likasiri*, Pachara Tinamas and Wetchayan Rangsri
Vol.40 No.3 (JULY 2013)Research Article View: 937 Download: 345
page: 300 - 310
Sorrachat Thiamdao* [a], Ga Hun Boo [b], Sung Min Boo [b] and Yuwadee Peerapornpisal [a, c]
Vol.39 No.2 (APRIL 2012)Research Article View: 2,602 Download: 244
page: 242 - 253
Siriwan Sakultanchareonchaia, Natthaphol Chomsaengb, Meechai Thepnaratb, Hiroki Kuratac, Seiji Isoda
Vol.39 No.2 (APRIL 2012)Research Article View: 872 Download: 233
page: 191 - 199
DavodKhojasteh Salkuyeh and Somayyeh Shamsi
Vol.39 No.2 (APRIL 2012)Research Article View: 801 Download: 237
page: 76 - 83
Prasith Kekuda T. Ramamoorthy, Raghavendra H. LakshmanaShetty, Swathi Devidas, Venugopal T. Mudduraj
Vol.39 No.1 (JANUARY 2012)Research Article View: 871 Download: 379
page: 625 - 637
Thida win Ko Ko, Eric Hugh Charles McKenzie, Ali Hassan Bahkali, Chaiwat To-anun, Ekachai
Vol.38 No.4 (OCTOBER 2011)Research Article View: 1,355 Download: 610
page: 579 - 589
Pornchai Rachtanapun and Thitima Tangnonthaphat
Vol.38 No.4 (OCTOBER 2011)Research Article View: 1,263 Download: 448
page: 533 - 540
Anutra Khangtragool, Sineenart Santidherakul and Phuriwat Leesawat
Vol.38 No.4 (OCTOBER 2011)Research Article View: 1,028 Download: 697
page: 176 - 186
Chayada Sanitnapapong [a], Attavit Pisitanusorn [a], and Supon Ananta*[b]
Vol.38 No.2 (APRIL 2011)Research Article View: 872 Download: 259
page: 99 - 122
Kecheng Liu, Jarunee Duangsuwan*, and Zhutao Huang
Vol.38 (SPECIAL ISSUE 2011)Research Article View: 866 Download: 254
page: 265 - 273
Wanvimon Arayapranee* [a] and Garry L. Rempel [b]
Vol.31 No.3 September 2004Research Article View: 1,035 Download: 360
page: 89 - 96
Niwooti Whangchai, Thepparath Ungsethaphand, Chanagun Chitmanat, Kriangsak Mengumphan and Supattra
Vol.34 No.1 (JANUARY 2007)Research Article View: 892 Download: 427
page: 169 - 173
Anucha Watcharapasorn*, Sukanda Jiansirisomboon and Tawee Tunkasiri
Vol.33 No.2 (MAY 2006)Research Article View: 969 Download: 226
page: 206 - 211
Nittaya Thuadaij and Apinon Nuntiya
Vol.35 No.1 (JANUARY 2008)Research Article View: 2,048 Download: 447
page: 150 - 155
Wisuthchai Boonwatcharapunsakul and Phungphai Phanawadee
Vol.35 No.1 (JANUARY 2008)Research Article View: 867 Download: 348
page: 283 - 293
Yuenyong Panjasawatwong, Boontarika Srithai and Udomporn Wipakul
Vol.35 No.2 (MAY 2008)Research Article View: 915 Download: 257
page: 391 - 398
Suthinee Netrabukkana and Cattaleeya Pattamaprom*
Vol.32 No.3 (SEPTEMBER 2005)Research Article View: 952 Download: 262
page: 83 - 91
Wimalin Laosiritaworn, and Nantakarn Chotchaithanakorn
Vol.36 No.1 (JANUARY 2009)Research Article View: 919 Download: 363
page: 50 - 58
Athipong Ngamjarurojana
Vol.36 No.1 (JANUARY 2009)Research Article View: 946 Download: 321
page: 9 - 23
Zurni B. Omar, and Mohamed Suleiman
Vol.36 No.1 (JANUARY 2009)Research Article View: 849 Download: 248
page: 224 - 235
Kim Jenkins, Richard Kingsford, and Darren Ryder
Vol.36 No.2 (MAY 2009)Short Communication View: 921 Download: 375
page: 109 - 120
Thongchai Panmatarith* [a], Chiraporn Sriprom [a] and Nanthida Sutthirawuth [b]
Vol.32 No.2 (MAY 2005)Research Article View: 876 Download: 415
page: 302 - 311
Seksak Asavavisithchai, and Rath Tantisiriphaiboon
Vol.36 No.3 (SEPTEMBER 2009)Research Article View: 912 Download: 244
page: 21 - 29
Sukanda Jiansirisomboon
Vol.29 No.1 (APRIL 2002)Opinion View: 912 Download: 261
page: 71 - 82
Tiwaporn Siriwittayakorn [a], Nantarat Suebsanit [a], Robert Molloy [a], Paisit Siriwittayakorn [b] and Malinee Prasitsilp [c]
Vol.28 No.2 (DECEMBER 2001)Opinion View: 917 Download: 286
page: 59 - 63
Azuraliza A. Bakar, Md N. Sulaiman, Mohamed Othman and Mohd H. Selamat
Vol.28 No.1 (JUNE 2001)Opinion View: 882 Download: 222
page: 31 - 38
Torranin Chairuangsri [a], Rik M. D. Brydson [b], David V. Edmonds [b]
Vol.28 No.1 (JUNE 2001)Opinion View: 1,079 Download: 816
page: 1 - 13
Zurni B. Omar, and Mohamed Suleiman
Vol.37 No.1 (JANUARY 2010)Research Article View: 836 Download: 270
page: 222 - 230
Seksak Asavavisithchai, and Ekasit Nisaratanaporn
Vol.37 No.2 (MAY 2010)Research Article View: 905 Download: 257
page: 213 - 221
Seksak Asavavisithchai, and Apiyut Opa
Vol.37 No.2 (MAY 2010)Research Article View: 932 Download: 247