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Author: Numan Sajid, Shehla Khalid, Abid Mahmood, Muhammad Usman Qamar, Nasir Rasool, Muhammad Imran ,Cezario Petru Podasca and Catalin Misarca
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025023
The pharmaceutical sector is facing major concerns in addressing effective drug molecules against extensively drug-resistant S. Typhi. Exploiting the medicinal benefits of amines, we synthesized novel small organic molecules bearing both pyridine and secondary amine linkages. The N-(4-bromobenzyl)-4-methylpyridin-2-amine (3) and derivatives (5a–c) have been synthesized which are effective against multiple drugresistant S. Typhi. Then, the antibacterial efficacy of these compounds was determined by using Agar Well diffusion assay (AWDA). Compound 5b was active (MIC 3.125 mg/mL). Molecular docking studies demonstrated the behavior of small molecules at the binding sites of XDR-S. Typhi 5ZTJ protein through atomic-level interaction. Moreover, the structure elucidation, evaluation of optimized geometry, and molecular stability were done via DFT analysis.
Author: Thalaieswaran Selvam and Ayyappan Solaiyappan
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025024
Welding dissimilar aluminium alloys is critical for maritime, automotive and aviation industries. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a promising technique that can achieve this by operating at lower temperatures, lowering intermetallic formation, and preserving the base material properties. However, conventional FSW generally has defects that reduce the overall mechanical properties. This work aims to enhance the weld strength of AA6061-T651 and AA7075-T651 by using an in-line directed jet cooling method using a coolant-water mixture in the weld zone. The key FSW parameters like tool rotational speed (1000, 1200, 1400 rpm), welding traverse speed (60, 90, 120 mm/min) and water-coolant mixing ratio (90:10, 70:30, 50:50). The tensile strength (ASTM E8M-04), microhardness (ASTM E384), and microstructural analysis using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were conducted on the welded sample. The results indicate that the optimum weld conditions 1400 rpm tool rotational speed, 60 mm/min traverse speed and 50:50 water-coolant mixture yielded the maximum tensile strength of 225.22 MPa, showing a 61.55% improvement over the conventional FSW. A maximum hardness of 168.03 HV with a 56.25% increase was observed for the same process parameters. In addition, the microstructure analysis revealed that the Mg2Si dissolution has significantly reduced, thereby offering grain refinement at the weld zone. These findings prove that using the directed jet cooling method effectively improves the weld strength of dissimilar aluminium alloys, making it suitable for high-performance industrial applications.
Author: Singhaneit Phanaphitakkul, Ponsit Sathapondecha and Somporn Tanskul
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025025
Bacterial cellulose (BC), a polysaccharide produced by bacteria, is widely used in various fields. In our previous study, we isolated a BCproducing bacterium, Komagataeibacter sp. MI 2, and investigated its ability to produce BC. However, the genetic information of this bacterium has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the BC-producing Komagataeibacter sp. MI 2 using whole genome sequencing technologies. The bacterial genome was assembled from both short- and long-reads data and yielded 4 completed circular chromosomes consisting of 1 chromosome and 3 plasmids. A total of 3.8 Mb of the genome was 99% assembled completeness analyzed by BUSCO, 60.28% of GC content, and 3.52 Mb of N50. Among the 3,612 annotated genes, most genes play a role in metabolic and secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways according to KEGG analysis. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that Komagataeibacter sp. MI 2 is very related to K. diospyri indicating that it is most likely K. diospyri MI 2. We found a putative bacteriocin, linocin M18, and no antibiotic-resistant gene was identified in the genome of K. diospyri MI 2. In addition, several genetic mobile elements were identified in the genome. For BC biosynthesis, we compared the bsc operon and BC biosynthesis genes between Komagataeibacter sp. The result showed that most Komagataeibacter sp., including K. diospyri MI 2, contained almost all BC biosynthesis-related genes in the genome, suggesting potentially BC-producing bacteria. This study provided genomic information of K. diospyri MI 2 and its potential for bacterial cellulose production.
Author: Achala J. Gajanayake, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Feng-Ming Yu, Jing-Zu Sun, Thatsanee Luangharn, Naritsada Thongklang and Kevin D. Hyde
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025026
Fungicolous fungi represent an ecologically and economically significant group of organisms, with potential applications in biological control and various industrial processes. Accurate identification and comprehensive investigation of the taxonomic diversity of fungicolous taxa are essential for understanding their ecological roles and harnessing their potential applications. Compiling the dispersed published information on fungicolous fungi provides a robust foundation for understanding their taxonomic diversity, improving identification accuracy, and ensuring proper documentation. This in turn, will aid in assessing their ecological significance, identifying research gaps, and outlining future directions for the study of this group of organisms. The website (https://www.fungicolousfungi. org/) serves as a user-friendly platform, continuously updated to provide information on aspects such as morphology, phylogeny, ecology, hosts/ substrates, distribution, and industrial relevance of fungicolous fungi.
Author: Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Wenhua Lu, Atsadawut Kaewnunta, Naritsada Thongklang, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, Yuan-Shuai Liu, Thatsanee Luangharn, Nopparat Wannathes, Arttapon Walker, Nattapol Kraisitudomsook, Pumin Nutaratat, Sarunyou Wongkanoun, Esteban Charria-Girón, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Wasu Pathom-aree and Saisamorn Lumyong
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025027
Morphological characteristics have historically been used to study and identify Thai macrofungi, with many species being associated with those found in Europe and America. However, the lack of comprehensive herbarium collections, accurate descriptions, and molecular data has raised doubts on some of these conclusions, making them unconfirmable. The challenge of accurate macrofungal identification underscores the need for integrating both molecular and morphological data. Therefore, this review article is a part of the research project series “Revision and Update Checklist of Thai Macrofungi”. A new, accurate checklist of thirty genera viz. Amanita, Armillaria, Auricularia, Cacaoporus, Calocybella, Collybiopsis, Coniolepiota, Crinipellis, Cyathus, Erythrophylloporus, Gloeocantharellus, Heimioporus, Hymenagaricus, Inocybe, Lentinus, Lepiota, Macrolepiota, Marasmiellus, Panus, Paramarasmius, Parasola, Pseudosperma, Pyrenopolyporus, Retiperidiolia, Rhodactina, Rostrupomyces, Rubinosporus, Sutorius, Tuber, and Tulostoma, were revised and updated based on detailed specimen collections, description, and molecular data gathered from Thai specimens. This article contributes to the understanding of macrofungal diversity in Thailand by providing updated information on various genera, incorporating both morphological and molecular data, and highlighting their ecological significance within the diverse ecosystems.
Author: Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna, Nimesha Patabendige and Kalani Kanchana Hapuarachchi
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025028
Liver diseases, which encompass a wide spectrum from liver inflammation to hepatotoxicity, represent significant global health concerns due to their prevalence and severe health impacts. Extracts derived from Ganoderma species, renowned for their medicinal properties, have emerged as promising candidates for hepatoprotection. These extracts have shown efficacy in mitigating liver damage caused by various factors, such as toxins (e.g., alcohol, certain medications) and infections (e.g., hepatitis viruses). In addition, they demonstrate potential in reducing inflammatory responses within the liver and promoting its regeneration— key aspects of maintaining liver health. Furthermore, Ganoderma holds notable implications for cardiovascular health. Studies have highlighted its ability to modulate blood lipid profiles, potentially lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It also enhances endothelial function, which is critical for maintaining vascular health and regulating blood flow. Moreover, the anti-oxidant properties of Ganoderma help alleviate oxidative stress, a key factor implicated in cardiovascular diseases. The combination of these therapeutic attributes positions Ganoderma as a promising agent not only for managing liverrelated ailments but also for addressing cardiovascular disorders. This emphasis on the potential of Ganoderma fosters optimism about future treatments. However, comprehensive investigations are needed to fully elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects. The potential for future discoveries in this area is substantial, and a deeper understanding of these mechanisms will be crucial for optimizing dosage regimens and unlocking the full clinical potential of Ganoderma in treating liver and cardiovascular conditions.
Author: The An Huynh and Yi-Ching Chen
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025029
B. Pilosa L., a widely distributed herbaceous plant, particularly abundant in Vietnam, is recognized for its dual utility as a food source and medicinal resource. This study explores the potential of B. Pilosa L. as a phytoremediation species for cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil, offering a cost-effective and sustainable solution to heavy metal pollution. Over a 60-day experiment, the plant exhibited resilience and steady growth at Cd concentrations of 0–500 mg/kg, although growth was inhibited at 700 mg/kg, with visible signs of leaf wilting. Cadmium accumulation was predominantly observed in the roots, accounting for 49.2% of the total uptake, approximately three times higher than in the leaves. Although the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of roots was below 1 (0.038–0.054), indicating limited uptake efficiency, the translocation factor (TF) ranged from 1.088 to 1.397, reflecting the plant’s strong ability to translocate Cd from roots to aerial parts. These findings highlight the potential of B. Pilosa L. as a viable species for cadmium remediation and provide a basis for further research into its application in managing contaminated environments effectively.
Author: Kaiying Ge, Fang Li, Xuena Xie, Yanfengyang Jiang, Xiaoting Yang, Zhiye Yang, Yingyi Tan and Zhi Chao
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025030
Bupleurum sikangense, a new species discovered in 2011, is abundant in the Hengduan Mountains of China, and has the potential for a new origin of the crude drug Chaihu (Radix Bupleuri). A convenient method is therefore desired to differentiate it from the allied species. In this study, we found a unique insertion (AAATATCCTACATA) in B. sikangense by comparing its whole chloroplast genome with those of the other twenty-one Bupleurum species and based upon the insertion we designed a pair of species-specific primers (sxkF/R). With the primers, we established a Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) detection method, which reached a successful rate of 100% in identifying B. sikangense, providing a useful tool for its further exploitation.
Author: Zhang Lu and Xue Guijun
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025032
Given the complex nature of central heating systems, which exhibit nonlinearity, significant time lags, and strong coupling, this study proposes an enhanced short-term heat load prediction model to improve accuracy. The model integrates a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) with a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU), optimized via an Improved Dung Beetle Optimization (IDBO) algorithm. Initially, the unsteady heat load sequence is decomposed into stable modal components using Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD), with relevant features selected as inputs. Subsequently, two improvement strategies are incorporated into the dung beetle optimization algorithm through a “dynamic and mutation” approach. Finally, the optimal features are used in conjunction with the IDBO-TCN-BiGRU model for prediction. The performance of the proposed model is compared with various single and combined models. Experimental results show that the CEEMD-IDBO-TCN-BiGRU method achieves superior prediction accuracy, with Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R²) values of 0.07292, 0.19048, and 99.1%, respectively, outperforming alternative models. These findings validate the model’s effectiveness and offer valuable insights for optimizing and regulating centralized heating systems.
Author: Nursel SÖYLEMEZ MİLLİ, İsmail Hakkı PARLAK and Mehmet MİLLİ
Vol. Vol.52 No.3 In progress (May 2025). This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. Article ID e2025031
Identifying meat species accurately is crucial for food safety, fraud prevention, and quality control in the food industry. Mislabeling or adulterating meat products can lead to economic losses and pose health risks to consumers. However, conventional methods for species identification, such as DNA analysis or spectroscopy, are often timeconsuming and expensive. In recent years, highly sensitive sensors have made estimating food product types and freshness possible. The BME688 sensor produced by Bosch Sensortec is one of the most sensitive gas measurement sensors today. In this study, various types of meat were classified using machine learning methods on the data obtained by the BME688 gas sensor. Each type of meat has a distinct microbiota composed of specific microorganisms that influence its spoilage process and the volatile compounds it releases over time. VOCs and VSCs released into the environment by microorganisms that develop over time in meat types can be detected with this sensor. In this study, Decision Tree, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Bagging Tree, Support Vector Machine, Xgboost, Logistic Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptron, And Bosch AI-Studio Neural Network models were trained and tested on data obtained from different meat types using BME688. The accuracy values of the trained models were compared, and it was determined that the GNB and BT models have the highest potential for possible usage scenarios. Considering the results obtained, it was revealed that the BME688 sensor could distinguish chicken, sheep, and cattle meat with near-perfect accuracy.
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