Chiang Mai Journal of Science

Print ISSN: 0125-2526 | eISSN : 2465-3845

2,458
Articles
Q3 1.0
Impact Factor
Q2 1.6
CiteScore
7 days
Avg. First Decision
Outline
Figures and Tables
ARTICLE METRICS
Views 1,140
Downloads 387

Removal of Chromium (III) Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Green Synthesized Calix[6]arene

Susy Yunita Prabawati, Nina Hamidah and Afifah Mufidati
* Author for corresponding; e-mail address: susy.prabawati@uin-suka.ac.id
Volume: Vol.52 No.1 (January 2025)
Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12982/CMJS.2025.005
Received: 14 September 2024, Revised: 13 November 2024, Accepted: 15 December 2024, Published: 29 January 2025

Citation: Prabawati S.Y., Hamidah N. and Mufidati A., Removal of chromium (III) heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by green synthesized calix[6]arene. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 2025; 52(1): e2025005. DOI 10.12982/CMJS.2025.005.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

     In this study, p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene has been successfully synthesized using tert-butylphenol, formaldehyde, and KOH base catalyst. The synthesis process was carried out using a solvent-free grinding technique to minimize waste formation. The grinding technique was selected because the synthesis process was easy and environmentally friendly. With the synthesis yield of 62.58%, the product obtained was a yellow-brownish solid with a melting point >300°C, insoluble in water but soluble in methanol. The product was characterized using FTIR spectrophotometer, and resulted in spectra showing absorption band for methylene bridge (-CH2-) vibration at the wave number of 1473.62 cm-1. The results of the LC-MS chromatogram analysis showed that the molecular weight of the compound was 974.77 g/mol. The product was then tested for its ability to adsorb Cr(III) metal ions by batch method at pH 5 with variations in contact time and different initial concentrations of metal ions. Calix[6]arene was tested as a Cr(III) metal ion adsorbent because the size of the cavity diameter of calix[6]arene matches to the size of the lower period heavy metal cation. The results showed that the amount of adsorbed metal increased with the increasing of the contact time and reaches stability within 120 min. The adsorption capacity value was 7.414 μmol/g with a Gibbs adsorption energy value of -26.198 kJ/mol.

Keywords: p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene, grinding, solvent free, adsorption, Cr(III) metal ions

Related Articles

Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan/ZSM-5 Composite
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2026.085.

Mencui Ning and Runhu Zhang*

Vol.53 No.5 (September 2026)
Research Article View: 213 Download: 81
Adsorption Performance of Spherical Porous SiO2 on Heavy Metal Cu2+ in Wastewater
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.075.

Yan-Min Chen, Zhen-Zhen Chen, Bei-Bei Qi, Ye-Xuan Cai, Jia-Meng Li and Yi-Fan Han

Vol.52 No.5 (September 2025)
Research Article View: 1,563 Download: 140
Barite Adsorption Efficiency for Removal of Mannose. Experimental Measurements and Equilibrium Study
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.034.

Mustafa Jaip Allah Abdelmageed Abualreish

Vol.52 No.3 (May 2025)
Research Article View: 737 Download: 305
A Rhizobacterium Kitasatospora nipponensis Demonstrates Antifungal Activity against Basal Stem Rot Disease and Promotes Plant Growth in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Seedlings
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2025.033.

Anurag Sunpapao, Supaporn Pithakkit and Prisana Wonglom

Vol.52 No.3 (May 2025)
Research Article View: 1,329 Download: 395
H2S Removal from Biogas using Steel Wool (Fe2O3) Adsorption Combined with Water Absorption: Experimental and Modelling via RSM
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.027.

Jiraporn Paoaiang, Prukraya Pongyeela, Nirana Chairerk and Juntima Chungsiriporn

Vol.51 No.2 (March 2024)
Research Article View: 2,171 Download: 1,898
Water-based Synthesis of MIL-53(Al) at Room Temperature: An Effective Adsorbent for Oxytetracycline (OTC) Antibiotic Removal from Water
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2024.010.

Parnuch Hongsawat, Phuri Kalnaowakul and Panida Prarat

Vol.51 No.1 (January 2024)
Research Article View: 2,285 Download: 712
Development and Optimization of an Amperometric Bi-enzyme Biosensor for Aspartame Determination
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2023.064.

Tanaporn Tangtawewipat and Saipin Thanachasai

Vol.50 No.6 (November 2023)
Research Article View: 1,558 Download: 604
Preparation of Porous Silica Nanoparticles by Chemical Etching for Removal of Paraquat from Aqueous Solution
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2023.009.

Kanokwan Darasoon, Supawitch Hoijang, Tanapong Kunakham, Sorapong Janhom, Supon Ananta, Gyu Leem and Laongnuan Srisombat

Vol.50 No.1 (January 2023)
Research Article View: 2,014 Download: 1,237
Hydrochar from Lansium domesticum and Salacca zalacca Peel as Adsorbent on Rhodamine-B Removal: Adsorption Process and Regeneration Studies
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.108.

Mauizatul Hasanah, Alfan Wijaya, Risfidian Mohadi, Fitri Suryani Arsyad and Aldes Lesbani

Vol.49 No.6 (November 2022)
Research Article View: 2,078 Download: 477
2-Methylimidazole-modified Iron Metal-organic Framework as an Efficient Methylene Blue Adsorbent
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.104.

Yingxin Zhao, Hao Hu, Shengyu Zhang, Shiya Feng, Yun Yang, Xiongjian Li and Shuijin Yang

Vol.49 No.6 (November 2022)
Research Article View: 2,000 Download: 509
Process Optimization and Modeling of Low-cost Activated Carbon Preparation and Its Application in Chromium(VI) Removal
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.100.

Theeradit Phothitontimongkol and Kanyarak Prasertboonyai

Vol.49 No.6 (November 2022)
Research Article View: 1,981 Download: 565
Sorption Studies of Cesium on Kunipia-F Bentonite and Silicon Dioxide
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.093.

Anan O-Manee, Youichi Enokida and Kayo Sawada

Vol.49 No.5 (September 2022)
Research Article View: 1,956 Download: 655
Cigarette Butts Valorization: Activated Hydrochar for Methylene Blue Removal
DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.062.

Naphatsarnan Phasukarratchai, Budsarin Yattipat, Parichat Muengkrajang, Sasishai Permpoon and Alissara Reungsang

Vol.49 No.4 (July 2022)
Research Article View: 2,162 Download: 1,323
Non-Covalent Interactions between Graphene and Cluster of Ruthenium Oxides and Vanadium Oxides : A Dispersioncorrected Density Functional Theory Study
page: 1606 - 1619

Paphawarin Kheownil, Parameat Seesopha, Sawitree Chuaychoocherd, Panichakorn Jaiyong and Yuthana Tantirungrotechai

Vol.48 No.6 (November 2021)
Research Article View: 1,816 Download: 954
Density Functional Theory Study of Methane Adsorption on LaCoO3 (001) Surface
page: 1645 - 1656

Xuefeng Wang, Hongyan Zhang,Cunbao Deng, Ling Qiao and Shuangli Du

Vol.48 No.6 (November 2021)
Research Article View: 1,837 Download: 501
Preparation of Cattail-derived Activated Carbon and Its Adsorption Performance toward Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in Water
page: 1538 - 1554

Suhua Han, Qiannan Cao, Dongxu Qian, Ye Yang and Minbo Lu

Vol.48 No.6 (November 2021)
Research Article View: 1,823 Download: 340
Intercalated Zn-Cr-[α-SiW12O40] as Removal Agents of Cobalt (II) in Watery Phase: Adsorption and Regeneration Study
page: 545 - 556

Luna Silaen, Neza Rahayu Palapa, Elfita, Risfidian Mohadi and Aldes Lesbani

Vol.48 No.2 (March 2021)
Research Article View: 1,696 Download: 390
A Novel Polyacrylamide-divinylbenzene Functionalized Fe3O4/Coconut Shell Adsorbent with Superior Capacity for Removal of Acridine Orange
page: 520 - 532

Huan Wang*, Wei Zhao, Youning Chen, Xiaoling Yang and Xiaohua Meng

Vol.48 No.2 (March 2021)
Research Article View: 1,529 Download: 360
A Novel Acrylic Intercalated Hydrotalcite for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism
page: 1055 - 1067

Wei Zhao, Youning Chen and Yuhong Li

Vol.47 No.5 (September 2020)
Research Article View: 1,665 Download: 428
Batch Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solution using Activated Carbon Prepared from Mangosteen Shell Activated with H2SO4
page: 554 - 566

Anitha Devasahayam, Ramadevi Abbai Ramanujam and Seetharaman Ramasamy

Vol.47 No.3 (May 2020)
Research Article View: 1,917 Download: 648
Adsorption of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Magnesium Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified with Amine Functional Groups
page: 137 - 146

Supawitch Hoijang, Jeeranan Nonkumwong, Burapol Singhana, Sunanta Wangkarn, Supon Ananta and Laongnuan Srisombat

Vol.47 No.1 (January 2020)
Research Article View: 1,757 Download: 490
Modified Mangosteen Shell in the Removal of Hg (II) from Aqueous Solution-Isotherm and Kinetic Studies
page: 127 - 136

Anitha Devasahayam, Ramadevi Abbai Ramanujam and Seetharaman Ramasamy

Vol.47 No.1 (January 2020)
Research Article View: 1,701 Download: 1,602
Prospective Sorption Evaluation of Hydrothermally Carbonized Lepironia Articulata (Grey sedge) for the Removal of Ni (II) from Aqueous Solution
page: 2220 - 2231

Asadullah, Lupong Kaewsichan and Kanogwan Tohdee

Vol.45 No.5 (Special 2018)
Research Article View: 1,677 Download: 615
Achieving Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by the Composites Based on H3PMo12O40 Decorating Metal Organic Frameworks
page: 1486 - 1498

Wenpeng Gong, Xiaogang Du, Xiaoxia Liu, Xiaofen Ke and Shuijin Yang*

Vol.45 No.3 (May 2018)
Research Article View: 1,758 Download: 375
Adsorption of a Highly Toxic Aromatic Pollutant From Aqueous Solution Using Low Cost Activated Carbon: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects
page: 1471 - 1485

Muhammad Hamayun*, Sonia Sherazi, Shah Zareen, Abdul Naeem, Muhammad Saeed, Khizar Hussain Shah, Ataf Ali Altaf, Shahzad Murtaza and Muhammad Zubair

Vol.45 No.3 (May 2018)
Research Article View: 1,686 Download: 416
Preparation of Eco-friendly and Low-cost Activated Carbon from Gracilaria corticata Seaweeds for the Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium and Modeling Studies
page: 1039 - 1051

Duraipandian Jayganesh, Rengasamy Tamilarasan*, Muthiyan Kumar, Mani Murugavelu and Vadivelu Sivakumar

Vol.45 No.2 (March 2018)
Research Article View: 1,794 Download: 347
Laboratory-based Investigation into the Removal Behaviour of Asphalt in Porous Asphalt Mixture on Zinc Ions from Road Runoff
page: 1601 - 1610

Yao Zhao*, Chen Zhao, Kelly Hill and Xun Qian Xu

Vol.44 No.4 (October 2017)
Research Article View: 1,649 Download: 315
Removal of p-Nitrophenol from Aqueous Solution Using Synthesized Silica-Magnetite Composite
page: 1028 - 1039

Adekola F.A.*, Orimolade B.O.** and Adebayo G.B.

Vol.44 No.3 (July 2017)
Research Article View: 1,713 Download: 412
Evaluation of Treated and Untreated Sludge from Yarn Processing Factory as Adsorbent Candidates for Dye Removal
page: 508 - 517

Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini* [a,b] and Noor Yuhana Jusoh [b]

Vol.44 No.2 (April 2017)
Research Article View: 1,626 Download: 269
Towards the Adsorption of Propylene and Propane on Cu(I)X and Cu(I)Y Zeolites: Effects of Zeolite Preparation
page: 591 - 599

Suwichak Phutthapatimok [a,b], Pattaraporn Sridechparsat [a,b], Pramoch Rangsunvigit* [a,b] and Santi Kulprathipanja [c]

Vol.43 No.3 (APRIL 2016)
Research Article View: 1,734 Download: 347
Validating Adsorptive Capacity of Areca Husk Carbon onto Methylene Blue & ANOVA Modelling
page: 183 - 194

Arumugam Basker[a]*, Syed shabudeen[b], Appavoo Ponnuraju Shekhar[c] and Savarimuthu Daniel[b]

Vol.43 No.1 (JANUARY 2016)
Research Article View: 1,641 Download: 288
Modeling and Optimization of Removal of Rhodamine – B from Wastewaters by Adsorption on Modified Clay
page: 1230 - 1240

Morteza Bahram, Robabeh Talebi, Abdolhossein Naseri* , Sirous Nouri

Vol.41 No.5/2 (OCTOBER 2014)
Research Article View: 1,591 Download: 537
Synthesis and Use of Zeolite Na-A from Waste Sludge of Water Treatment Plant for Ammonium Removal
page: 1262 - 1273

Jeatana Wongwichien [a], Suwimol Asavapisit [a] and Kwannate Sombatsompop* [b]

Vol.41 No.5/2 (OCTOBER 2014)
Research Article View: 1,587 Download: 277
Adsorption Equilibrium of Zinc Ions from Aqueous Solution by Using Modified Clinoptilolite
page: 56 - 62

Achanai Buasri, Phetcharat Yongbut, Nattawut Chaiyut and Kittiya Phattarasirichot

Vol.35 No.1 (JANUARY 2008)
Research Article View: 1,620 Download: 352
Outline
Figures