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Conversion of Palm Oil into Biodiesel Production with Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds Ash: Process Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology


Paper Type 
 Contributed Paper
Title 
 Conversion of Palm Oil into Biodiesel Production with Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds Ash: Process Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology
Author 
 Jakkrapong Jitjamnong*, Natthida Numwong, Narinphop Chuaykarn, Chatrawee Direksilp, Apanee Luengnaruemitchai, Napaphat Kongrit and Nonlapan Khantikulanon
Email 
 alekjakkrapong@gmail.com
Abstract:

In the present study, the calcination of spent coffee grounds (SCG) supporting potassium

hydroxide and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) was used as a novel solid heterogeneous catalyst to convert
palm oil to fatty acid methyl ester. The response surface method based on Box Behnken experimental
design was used to optimize the biodiesel yield. The prepared catalyst was characterized by scanning
electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
analyses. EDS analysis of the synthesis catalyst exhibited the presence of active potassium species for
high catalytic activity. The 30K/SCG–600 catalysts exhibited the highest catalytic activity and were rich
in K that formed a basic heterogeneous catalyst and the highest total basicity. The effects of catalyst
loading (4.5–5.5 wt.%), methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1–12:1), and reaction time (60–120 min) on the
transesterification were investigated. The results showed that the predicted optimum response for
biodiesel yield from RSM was 97.01%, which could be obtained using methanol: oil molar ratio of
6.68:1, catalyst loading of 4.94 wt.%, and reaction time at 82.42 min. The actual biodiesel conversion
of 97.08% was achieved under the predicted optimal conditions. The results of various statistics
employed with high R2 (95.07%) and R2adj (88.73%) values indicated that the predicted and actual
biodiesel yield was accurate and reliable.
Start & End Page 
 580 - 599
Received Date 
 2020-04-09
Revised Date 
Accepted Date 
 2020-10-21
Full Text 
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Keyword 
 spent coffee grounds, biodiesel, transesterification, heterogeneous catalyst, response surface methodology (RSM)
Volume 
 Vol.48 No.2 (March 2021)
DOI 
Citation 
 Jitjamnong J., Numwong N., Chuaykarn N., Direksilp C., Luengnaruemitchai A., Kongrit N., et al., Conversion of Palm Oil into Biodiesel Production with Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds Ash: Process Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology, Chiang Mai J. Sci., 2021; 48(2): 580-599.
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