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Water Footprint and Virtual Water Flow of Cassava Starch of Thailand


Paper Type 
 Contributed Paper
Title 
 Water Footprint and Virtual Water Flow of Cassava Starch of Thailand
Author 
 Manuswee Phanichnok, Khanidtha Meevasana and Pongthep Suwanwaree*
Email 
 pongthep@sut.ac.th
Abstract:
 Cassava starch is a crucial agro-industry in Thailand. Cassava is extensively cultivated and
processed into the final products in the country to be consumed and exported. Cassava cultivation and
processing have a large impact on water resources, and also creates stress on water availability. Water
footprint (WF) is the tool used for measuring the total amount of water consumed by an individual or
an entire nation, and can be used to provide a clear overview mapping of water use during the time in
which the product is consumed or traded. The aims of this study were to calculate the average WF of
cassava starch production from crop to final product consumed under the WF concept methodology,
and to assess the virtual water flow (VWF) of cassava starch trade in Thailand during the period of
2008-2013. The results showed that the average WF of crop cultivation was equal to 528 m3/ton,
consisting of green (187 m3/ton), blue (251 m3/ton) and grey (90 m3/ton) components. The average
WF of cassava starch was equal to 1,945 m3/ton product, consisting of green (678 m3/ton), blue
(925 m3/ton) and grey (342 m3/ton), respectively. The amount of water required for crop cultivation
is associated with the climatic and soil conditions. Moreover, adopting good farming practices and
the most efficient irrigated water scheduling can reduce the amount of water needed per ton of crop
cultivation. However, the water used in crop processing depends on processing operation and technology.
The VWF of global exported cassava starch from Thailand was 3.68 billion m3/year, almost 85% of
which was distributed throughout Asia. The largest importers of cassava starch are China, Indonesia
and Taiwan. The import of cassava starch might be able to support countries that have water scarcity
problems. Instead of cultivating and processing it nationally, the import of cassava starch can help
lessen the burden on domestic water resources.
 
Start & End Page 
 1129 - 1142
Received Date 
 2018-01-25
Revised Date 
Accepted Date 
 2019-08-20
Full Text 
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File Supplemental 
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Keyword 
 cassava, water footprint, crop cultivation , processing, trade, Thailand
Volume 
 Vol.46 No.6 (November 2019)
DOI 
Citation 
 Phanichnok M., Meevasana K. and Suwanwaree* P., Water Footprint and Virtual Water Flow of Cassava Starch of Thailand, Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 2019; 46(6): 1129-1142.
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