Chiang Mai Journal of Science

Six Decades of Analytical Chemistry at Chiang Mai University: Creative Initiatives Based on Simple Concepts

1.INTRODUCTION

     The Department of Chemistry of the Faculty of Science was founded when Chiang Mai University (CMU) was established in 1964. Its purpose was to serve the people in the northern region as a centre for higher academic and professional education. As Chiang Mai University was the first university established outside Bangkok, the Chemistry Department is also the first provincial chemistry department (see Figure 1) in Thailand. As a historical aside, this was the first time in Thailand that a university was named by the city name.
     In that period, the city was spelt as “Chiengmai” and later was sometimes spelt as “Chiangmai”. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the recommended spelling has been “Chiang Mai”. Consequently, in the records, the university may be known as “Chiengmai University”, “Chiangmai University”, “Chiang Mai University” or even “the University, Chiang Mai”, as it was the only university in the city at that time.
     Chiang Mai University’s Department of Chemistry has evolved and progressed for all its 60 years. In the early period, the Department was involved in general chemistry, while in its second decade, biochemistry and industrial chemistry were incorporated. Industrial chemistry has subsequently been established as a separate Department of Science Faculty. Biochemistry has become a programme of the Department, while the other branches of chemistry are still active within the Department. It should be noted that the first Ph.D. programme of the Department involving analytical chemistry was the first of its kind in Thailand and was launched in the late 1980s-early 1990s.
     Analytical chemistry focuses on the development and application of methods to identify and quantify the components of a substance. Throughout history, analytical chemistry has played a critical role in the development of civil societies and commerce [1-3]. It is therefore of interest to trace the historical development of the Department’s academic outputs, especially that of analytical chemistry. This review presents the historical evolution of Chiang Mai University (CMU)’s Department of Chemistry in relation to the development of analytical chemistry in terms of techniques, innovations, and outcomes, focusing on creative initiatives based on simple concepts.

1. KNOWLEDGE CONTRIBUTED BY CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY’S DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES: SYSTEMATIC SEARCH

     Literature searching was performed on 10 February 2025* [4], via the Scopus database in a category of search: “affiliation”, being “Chiang Mai University” (using the current spelling of the university name) for the period 1964 to present*. The search results were then analysed, for year, by using the “Analyse results” function of the database, as shown in Figure 2. Similar searches were performed for the University name, using the earlier spellings of the university name, i.e.; “Chiengmai University” and “Chiangmai University”, as also represented in Fig. 2. The search results from Scopus were grouped into 6 + 1 decades of the University, namely, 1964-1973, 1974-1983, 1984-1993, 1994-2003, 2004-2013, 2014-2023, and 2024-present, and analysed by the “Refine search” function with the subject area “Chemistry” (Table 1).

2. SIX DECADES OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMISTRY AT CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY, CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

     From the search results described in section 2, it is worth noting that the first publication [5] for “Chiengmai University” was recorded in 1966 in Transactions of the Faraday Society. The publication reported on “Semi-empirical prediction of the electron affinities of gaseous radicals”, authored by Gaines and Page. Gaines was a British Council Expert who served as a lecturer in the inaugural period of the Department. The first work by Thai researchers (Chuntragool (see Figure 3), Trunphong, McGahren and Ma) was published in Mikrochimica Acta (1969), titled “Microchemical investigation of medicinal plants. VI. Estimation of reserpine and rescinnamine in Rauwolfia” [6]. Chuntragool and Trunphong were, respectively, a lecturer and a B.S. final-year student in the Chemistry Department.
     Only a small number of publications were observed in the first two decades. However, the number of publications started to rise in the 3rd decade and increased exponentially in the 4th decade, searched by both terms “Chiang Mai University” and “Chiang Mai University”, the subject area “Chemistry”. Since then, publications in chemistry have constituted about 10% of all university publications (see Figure 2 and Table 1).

The 1^st decade (1964-1973),
     During the first ten years after the establishment of CMU and the Chemistry Department, four international publications affiliated with the university’s name, spelt “Chiengmai University”, were published. The first one, was a collaboration with the University of Aston, Birmingham, England, focusing on the investigation of electron affinities of gaseous radicals [5]. The second international paper, reported by Thai authors Chuntragool and Trunphong, was a collaboration with McGahren and Ma of the Department of Chemistry, City University of New York, United States. This paper, which spanned both analytical and organic chemistry, described the estimation of reserpine and rescinnamine in Rauwolfia [6]. Another paper, published in Fuel, reported a chemistry study on oil shale as a part of the communities’ interests in energy awareness in that period [7]. It was co-authored by Chomnanti, Deemak, Gaines, Kasomson, Keowkamnerd, Lorvidhya, Pomtalpong, Sucharitakul, Vanitsuksombat, and Wiriyathien. The work was performed collaboratively with Chiang Mai University, the Department of Science in Bangkok, Thailand, and Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Two of the co-authors were Chemistry Department lecturers at that time, viz.; Gaines and Keowkamnerd. The fourth international publication, entitled “Synthesis of 5-n-alkylresorcinol dimethyl ethers and related compounds via substituted thiophens”, was from Buddhasukh, a lecturer at the CMU Department of Chemistry, co-authored with Cannon, Metcalf, and Power from the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Western Australia, Australia [8].

The 2^nd decade (1974-1983),
     Briefly, very few international publications by CMU and its Chemistry Department could be observed in the same magnitude as in the 1st decade. Only two works [9,10] based on analytical chemistry were recorded. One involved electroanalytical chemistry, while the other employed the enthalpimetric technique. Both studies were conducted in the UK by Vaneesorn and Opasniputh, CMU Chemistry Department lecturers who collaborated with British and Finnish scientists.

The 3^rd decade (1984-1993),
     The number of international publications of the university (323) increased approximately sixfold compared with the previous decade. The number of chemistry subject area papers increased to 17 (see Table 1), and of these, some originated from the CMU department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, although most came from the Faculty of Pharmacy and the Faculty of Medicine.

     In the Scopus database, when searching for the affiliation of “the University, Chiang Mai” with the subject area “Chemistry”, the following analytical chemistry publications were found: [11-16]. Of these, three publications involved the use of radioactivity in chemical analysis [11,13,14], and four reported on flow injection analysis (FIA) [13-16]. It should be noted that an initiative involving cost-effective FIA set-up, including FIA with an overhead projector [15], as well as an initiative combining radiochemical techniques with FIA was reported for the first time [13,14]. These initiatives were further developed to include more advanced instrumentation [17]. Research based on radiochemical techniques supported the establishment of the doctoral programme in chemistry of the CMU Chemistry Department and the expansion of collaborative research in the UK and Germany (see Figure 4). Interestingly, a record could be found for a research (scientific) report on the extractive liquid scintillation counting technique in the International Atomic Energy Agency’s International Nuclear Information System [18]. The “extractive liquid scintillation counting” involved downscaling liquid-liquid solvent extraction, leading to convenient Cerenkov counting.

The 4^th decade (1994-2003),
     This was a period of exponential expansion of research at CMU, especially in the field of chemistry (see Table 1). Of 127 papers related to chemistry, about half were contributed by CMU Chemistry Department staff, of which over 75% were in analytical chemistry.
     Of the 127 papers listed, 70% involved FIA. When the top ten keywords of the CMU researches were examined, “flow injection analysis” was found to be the highest ranking in the chemistry subject area. Some examples of these FIA papers included the use of a single standard calibration for chemical analysis using FIA, the use of an in-valve ion-exchange column for separation and pre-concentration for uranium spectrophotometric determination [19], and the use of a novel bead reactor with FIA-atomic absorption determination of lead in soil samples [20].
     Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA), a derivative of FIA, was introduced for the first time in Thailand in this period [21]. It demonstrated improved automation for redox or acid-base titration of ascorbic acid or acetic acid. Among its advantages, this closed flow system offered the ability to use an inherently unstable reagent such as permanganate for the titration of ascorbic acid.
     The increase in the number of international publications during this decade may be attributed in part to the launch of the Ph.D. programme involving analytical chemistry by the Department.
     Furthermore, there were opportunities for not only the CMU Department of Chemistry lecturers and students but also scientists from all over Thailand to meet internationally renowned world analytical scientists at the 11th International Conference on Flow Injection Analysis and Related Techniques (ICFIA 2001) hosted by CMU in 2001. The meeting led to the establishment of international academic networks, enabling Thai scientists to collaborate with scientists from the US, Japan, Australia, the UK, Germany, and other European countries. Analytical chemistry in Thailand started merging with global analytical chemistry communities (see Figure 5).

The 5^th decade (2004-2013),
     During this decade, an exponential increase in the number of publications in the subject area “chemistry” was recorded (787 cf. 127 publications in the previous decade), in accordance with the increase of all CMU’s publications (7590 cf. 1492 publications in the previous decade). 36% of the “chemistry” papers were contributed by the CMU Department of Chemistry, and of these approx. 70% were in analytical chemistry (or about 25% of all chemistry papers from the whole university). Papers on FIA comprised about 50% of the papers in analytical chemistry by the CMU Department of Chemistry, or about 35% of all papers from the Department. Many of these publications were the product of collaborations within the university and with institutions in Thailand and overseas. During this period, CMU analytical research networks were developed, and these spread throughout Thailand and globally, leading to much greater international recognition of Thai analytical chemistry [23].
     Some of the unique developments in analytical chemistry during this period included the introduction of a novel analytical alternative system, Lab-at-Valve (LAV) [24], which could be incorporated with an SIA system. LAV provided a simple attachment of reaction chamber for chemical reactions, mixing, and separations to the selection valve of an SIA. It could be constructed using relatively inexpensive materials and readily available tools, making it a far more affordable alternative to the more conventional Lab-on-Valve (LOV) [25-29]. A sensor device could also be attached to the valve, allowing automation with downscaling systems.

     New criteria for using a stopped-flow injection system were proposed for better performance in flow analysis [30] (see section 4.1 below). Later, a similar investigation of the proposed concept was reported but described as "programmable flow injection" [31], an instrumental approach which is today commercially available [32]. Based on the knowledge and experience gained on flow analysis in the previous decades, lab-on-chip (LOC) systems were developed during this period to facilitate miniaturisation in chemical analysis. Various simple, low-cost fabrication approaches for LOC construction were proposed. A webcam camera was utilised as a cost-effective detector for the LOCs, with the aid of image processing software [33]. At that time, digital cameras or smartphones were not of sufficient quality to be used for detection nor as cheap and readily available as they now are. In 2008, the concept of green analytical chemistry was introduced, emphasising the need for toxic reagent replacement, miniaturisation, and method automation. It promoted the possibility to dramatically reduce the amounts of reagents consumed and waste generated [34]. Many of the earlier developments in analytical chemistry at the CMU Department of Chemistry since the 3rd decade had embodied these principles without specifically mentioning the term "green analytical chemistry". Further development of green analytical chemistry was initiated through the use of natural reagents in chemical analysis. The concept was inspired by the over 100-year-old local knowledge of Fang villagers who used crude guava leaf aqueous extract for water testing. The concept was first applied for FIA determination of iron [35], and since then, the concept has been expanded further [36,37].

The 6^th decade (2014-2023),
     While the number of CMU publications increased by approximately three times that of the previous decade (20,384 vs 7,590 publications; see Table 1), the chemistry related publications remained 10% of the total CMU papers, in the same ratio as in the previous two decades.
     In this decade, analytical chemistry research activities expanded into various sub-fields. Initiatives based on simple but effective approaches continued in alignment with the global trends of interest. Green analytical chemistry was one of the foci.
     Coincidentally, the Covid-19 pandemic in this decade radically affected many aspects of daily life. Working from home to prevent the spread of the pandemic became the "New Normal". Various approaches were introduced in response to the "new normal" in chemical education [38-41]. For example, using the knowledge of simple guava leaf aqueous extract for iron determination enabled the introduction of Lab-at-Home, a simple, cost-effective, and efficient tool for new normal chemical education [42].
     Use of vegetable oils, as alternatives to conventional toxic organic solvents, was also investigated for liquid-liquid solvent extraction in a downscaling format [43].
     Various simple alternative analytical platforms for microanalysis were investigated using natural materials, including those based on paper [44], cotton thread [45], and noodles [46] (see Figure 6). Other novel platforms using a moving drop [47], inspired by the behaviour of the stream moving in a tubing of the flow analysis systems, were also described.

     Incorporating the use of everyday information technology and devices in chemical analysis has also been investigated, because they provide cheap and portable means of optical detection [48]. This approach can be useful in the fields of environmental analysis [49] (see Figure 7) and precision agriculture [50] (see Figure 8), and in pharmaceutical analysis [51].
     The above-mentioned examples are indicative of research alignment with the objectives of green chemical analysis. Some activities also focused on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs), which were announced in 2015. According to societal concerns for sustainability, a new “Need, Quality, and Sustainability (NQS) index” was proposed to assess the sustainability of analytical procedures [52].
     It may be noted that CMU celebrated its 50^th anniversary in the 5th decade and the beginning of the current decade. During the same period, the CMU Department of Chemistry also celebrated its Golden anniversary [53,54].

3. INITIATIVES IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY BASED ON SIMPLE BUT CREATIVE CONCEPTS

3.1 From Simple FIA Set-ups to Today's Analytical Platforms
     The first research work on flow injection in Thailand was reported in a M.S. thesis: “Quantitative analysis of sulphur and sulphur compounds in coal ash” [55], from which a poster presentation, entitled “Determination of sulphur contents in coal and coal ash by flow injection analysis,” was presented at the 10th Congress on science and technology of Thailand in 1984 (10th STT) [56].
     Contributions from Thailand for the development of flow injection systems, evidenced in the Scopus database by the search term “flow injection systems” with affiliation country “Thailand”, were first recorded in 1991 in 6 publications [13,14], [57-60]. Of these, a low-cost system was developed for the situation in Thailand [57], and FIA systems for radioactivity measurement were introduced for the first time [13,14].

     Consideration of the principles of FIA (sample injection, controlled dispersion, and reproducible timing), to understand microfluidic behaviour led to the development of a simple FIA with an overhead projector [15] as a useful teaching tool.
     In FIA with conventional stopped-flow mode, the flow is stopped in the detection zone to promote the reaction product to be measured [61], which improves sensitivity and enables the study of reaction kinetics [62,63]. New criteria for using a stopped-flow injection system were proposed [30], which involved stopping the flow outside the detection zone for a period to allow additional reaction time and therefore more product to be measured. Later, similar investigation of the proposed concept was reported but with the term “programmable flow injection” [31], of which instrument is today commercially available [32].
     In the 1990s, micro total analysis system (µTAS) which is a form of miniaturized total chemical analysis system attracted great attention. It involved microfluidics: liquid sample or detection reagent on the micrometre scale moving in a tiny channel, normally driven by a pressure pump or electric field. One or more continuous reactions are carried out on the chip to achieve high-throughput rapid analysis. It not only can reduce the amount of samples and reagents but also reduce the complexity of the operation and shorten the detection time while offering specificity and sensitivity. SIA-LOV, the next generation of FIA, can be considered a form of µTAS [25], along with SIA-LAV as the system operates on similar principles. Using experience gained from FIA and SIA, and applying the three FIA principles, a simple LOC was initiated with fabrication by using everyday life available materials and tools, and application of information technology-based detection [33].
     Using microfluidics concepts, noodle-based analysis [46], along with lab on paper (LOP) or paper-based analytical device (PAD) were proposed as microfluidic platforms for downscaling chemical analysis [64-67]. Various methods of defining the hydrophobic zone in PADs were investigated, including screen printing, wax printing, plasma treatment, and chemical modifications. Early works on PADs in Thailand were reported [68-73]. PADs designed for replicate analysis of a sample within a single run and employing a smartphone for detection have been reported [44].

3.2 Local Knowledge Bridging Today’s Technology
     Learning from the local wisdom of water testing by guava leaves, a simple crude guava leaf aqueous extract was applied for iron assay by using a simple FIA setup [35]. The chemistry was further investigated and applied for other simple analytical platforms, including micro-well plates and smartphone as detectors in combination with knowledge of information technology [74].
     The initiatives in using natural reagents for chemical analysis inspire and encourage international research. From the Scopus database, searching by using the keyword “natural reagent” and refining to the subject area “chemistry”, there have been 60 publications reported, apart from Thailand, the United States, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Germany, India, Brazil, China, France, Japan, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Turkey, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Egypt, Hong Kong, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Spain, Syria, and the Arab Republic, for example [75-85]. Some reviews associated with natural reagents are available [3,86-88]. These initiatives offer alternative approaches not only for green analytical chemistry but also for sustainable analytical chemistry.
     It is of interest to have a means of evaluating a chemical analysis procedure for sustainability. Considering the SDGs proposed by the UN, an index (called the NQS-index) was proposed. It is composed of the dimensions of Need of community (N), Quality of the analytical procedure (Q), and Sustainability (S) [52].

3.3 Hands on Experiences from the Past to Today
    Liquid-liquid extraction is widely used for separation and/or pre-concentration in chemical analysis. In the past, organic solvents, including benzene, toluene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, used for liquid-liquid extraction, were found to be toxic, although they offer efficient extraction.
      Various investigations have been performed for the development of greener approaches for solvent extraction. This could be achieved by either downscaling operations with reduced volume and utilising an appropriate operation platform for automation and downsizing and/or by use of a greener solvent (less toxic solvent).
     From previous experience using solvent extraction (such as [11,12,18]), investigations to protect the operator from solvent toxicity have been further advanced. SIA-LAV as a platform for automation and downscaling with volumes of millilitres was proposed [24]. Small (mini/micro) vials, microcentrifuge tubes, and micro-well plates were introduced as simple, conveniently commercially available platforms for solvent extraction. The proposed platforms incorporate smartphones with image processing to serve the purposes of not only protecting the operators but also the possibility of deploying vegetable oils.
     As vegetable oils of good quality can be produced in Thailand and are globally available, vegetable oils were for the first time applied for extractive liquid-liquid colorimetric determination [44,89,90]. Interestingly, use of vegetable oils is favourable for analytical applications in food, health, and cosmetics, with respect to their biodegradability, low ecotoxicity, and low human toxicity [91-95]. Some were reported for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) sample preparation [96].

4. CONCLUSIONS

     The Department of Chemistry’s academic contribution in analytical chemistry based international publications since its inception has been critically reviewed within the scope of creative initiatives based on simple concepts. What is clear from this body of work is that many of the approaches applied in early FIA setups are transferable to more modern analytical platforms, that local knowledge bridges into today's technology, and that hands-on experience from the past is the basis for today's novelty. While some initiatives are unique, others were inspired by the local knowledge, leading to international academic communities for sustainability. There is still plenty of scope for further exploration of these earlier works.
     One of the initiatives in novel platforms for chemical analysis involved the use of natural materials such as noodles as the fluid transport medium for microfluidics. Surface modification of the noodle material may provide the basis for selective determination of an analyte. To achieve this, further detailed investigations of the materials are needed.
     The combination of findings on new platforms with the older established techniques offers a promising area of research. Our experiences in marrying the principles of flow injection (new knowledge) with paper chromatography (existing knowledge) to produce a new design of paper-based analytical platform [44], are a good example of this approach, where there is still much more to be explored.
     The new analytical platforms, especially those comprised of simple and cheap components employing everyday IT and devices (e.g., smartphones) offer the basis for environmental monitoring networks to be established for use by "community" scientists and school students.
     Although local wisdom combined with today's technologies has been well established, multidisciplinary studies should be undertaken to understand more for natural reagents to be employed for chemical analysis. That is, for natural product scientists to elucidate the reactive component compounds, computational scientists to predict likely interactions, industrial chemists to upscale the production, and business sections for possible product commercialisation.
     For green solvent extraction, it would be useful to investigate the physical and chemical properties of each vegetable oil type in greater depth to assess their appropriateness for solvent extraction. It is expected that the mass production of a vegetable oil available for extraction will be equivalent to analytical grade in chemical analysis.
     All the initiatives reviewed above have been aimed at sustainability in connection to the needs of society and the quality of chemical analysis. An index composed of need (N), quality (Q), and sustainability (S), called the NQS-index, was proposed as a preliminary tool for assessment of chemical analysis procedures. It is currently being refined.
     CMU’s pioneering role in establishing the first Ph.D. programme in analytical chemistry in Thailand had a significant academic impact, while its focus on green chemistry and community-based approaches in recent decades reflects CMU’s cultural commitment to sustainability. Moreover, research over the six decades of analytical chemistry at Chiang Mai University has enabled the development of creative initiatives based on simple concepts. These developments encounter local issues, global impacts, and a sustainable world and align with the University’s mission [97] since its inception for it to be a centre for higher academic and professional education in the northern region.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

     This review is dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, and those who put the ground, especially in the beginning period of the founding and those who contributed the works.
      Kate Grudpan indicates his gratitude for the occasion of his 55 years in associating with CMU.
     Kanokwan Kiwfo acknowledges CMU Proactive Researcher, Chiang Mai University [contract No. 565/2567].
     The Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Multidisciplinary Research Institute (MDRI), CMU is acknowledged for partial support.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

     The authors declare that they hold no competing interests.

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CO-AUTHORS BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Kate Grudpan has been associated with Chiang Mai University for more than 55 years, since the first decade of the university, presently, is an emeritus professor of chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society; and advisor to the President for research affairs (Office of Research Administration), CMU. His engagements have various recognitions including the Thailand Research Fund Distinguished Research Professor Award, the Top Thailand Scientist of the year 2001, a former the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD), and Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Stiftung fellow, the JAFIA Award for Science, and being listed in the world’s top 2% scientists on the University of Standford list.

Kanokwan Kiwfo has been associated with the Department of Chemistry at Chiang Mai University for about 20 years, since her undergraduate studies. Recently, she has become a proactive researcher at CMU, affiliated with the Office of Research Administration and the Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economy and Society. Her experiences aboard including Aichi Institute of Technology, Japan (under RGJ Ph.D. programme), and TU Berlin, Germany (under the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation’s the Georg Forster Fellowship).

Siripat Suteerapataranon has been associated with Chiang Mai University for over 30 years, since her undergraduate studies. During her Ph.D. programme in Analytical Chemistry at CMU, she gained overseas experience, including at the former Nuclear Research Centre in Karlsruhe, Germany. Her interests include analytical, educational, environmental, and sustainable chemistry, and she previously worked at Mae Fah Luang University before becoming an independent academician and most recently with the Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society, CMU.

Ian McKelvie has a longstanding association with analytical chemistry at Chiang Mai University, since 1986.He is Principal Fellow in Chemistry at the University of Melbourne. He served as Associate Editor for Talanta (2013-2023), and was founding co-editor of Talanta Open (2020-2022). He received the RACI Analytical Chemistry Division Medal, the JAFIA Award for Science, and the Thai Commission on Higher Education visiting professorial fellowship. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Plymouth (2007-2019).

Gary Christian is an Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington, USA. He received an honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from Chiang Mai University and has collaborated fruitfully with analytical chemistry at CMU for about 30 years. He is the author of the popular international textbook “Analytical Chemistry”. He has received a number of awards, such as a Fulbright-Hays Scholar award in Belgium, the ACS Fisher Award in Analytical Chemistry, the Talanta Gold Medal, the Charles University Commemorative Medal, an Honorary Member, the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry Award for Excellence in Teaching, and the Geoff Wilson Medal, Deakin University.

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